INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

In the course of this portfolio by civil engineering students of fifth semester we aim toinvestigate the different concepts and engineering fields, looking for a complete workwhere the research was an important element to help achieve good performance and the same, the aim of this work is to an important space for everyone where we can clarify, enrich and seek solutions to many unknowns as students and engineers will arise in the course of our lives, most important is to study the different branches as future engineerscan choose to contribute to the progress of our country without having clear whether this is the way forward in our lives.

The various issues mentioned below as engineers seek to become conscious in order to achieve good management of our water resources and construction of structures such asbridges, roads, tunnels, hydraulic structures and steel structures, etc.. Since it is thesethat help us to maintain the welfare of the community and achieve goals that as engineerswe aim to achieve. It is worth mentioning that civil engineering is one of the most complete and interesting careers as it encompasses different specialties that are alwayspresent in the search for a better life providing us with different opportunities.

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING:

Hydraulic engineering as a sub-discipline of civil engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water and sewage. One feature of these systems is the extensive use of gravity as the motive force to cause the movement of the fluids. This area of civil engineering is intimately related to the design of bridges, dams, channels, canals, and levees, and to both sanitary and environmental engineering.

Hydraulic engineering is the application of fluid mechanics principles to problems dealing with the collection, storage, control, transport, regulation, measurement, and use of water. Before beginning a hydraulic engineering project, one must figure out how much water is involved. The hydraulic engineer is concerned with the transport of sediment by the river, the interaction of the water with its alluvial boundary, and the occurrence of scour and deposition. "The hydraulic engineer actually develops conceptual designs for the various features which interact with water such as spillways and outlet works for dams, culverts for highways, canals and related structures for irrigation projects, and cooling-water facilities for thermal power plants.”

 HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

The general mechanic is based in fluid of mechanic and big topics that covering water, canals and bridges. The fluid mechanic is based in three fundaments aspect:

Static: in the static is possible fundament aspect.

Kinematics: in the kinematics of the flow lines and trajectories
Dynamics: In the dynamics studies the forces which price water movement.

GENERAL HYDRAULICS

The hydraulics structures are necessary to achieve the use of resources water and control it is destructive action. Also they are built for the benefit of man and the development of making.

At is creating to benefits sectors which are:

Hydropower

Water transport

Improving water

Water supply for human consumption Flood control

Application

Common topics of design for hydraulic engineers include hydraulic structures such as dams, levees, water distribution networks, water collection networks, sewage collection networks, storm water management, sediment transport, and various other topics related to transportation engineering and geotechnical engineering. Equations developed from the principles of fluid dynamics and fluid mechanics are widely utilized by other engineering disciplines such as mechanical, aeronautical and even traffic engineers.

Related branches include hydrology and rheology while related applications include hydraulic modeling, flood mapping, catchment flood management plans, shoreline management plans, estuarine strategies, coastal protection, and flood alleviation.

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING IN THE CENTER OF PETEN (GUATEMALA):

The great advances that left the Mayan tribes in terms of hydraulic engineering have a very broad field, they helped build irrigation systems for agriculture, canals and large walls that helped protect the great wars, and these breakthroughs are today helping thousands of people in Guatemala, to help communication, transportation and consumption of drinking water.

TEACHING OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING IN CUBA (1900-1942)

Article in which we study the evolution of the teaching of hydraulic engineering in Cuba between 1900 and 1942 in three stages of this period, through the analysis of the subjects incorporated in the curriculum of the engineering electrical, agricultural engineering, but mainly in civil engineering.

This video is about the different work as construction of hydraulic engineering in case easy as:

Pipes, sewers, etc.

TOPICS OF INTEREST

FLUID MECHANICS

Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids and the forces on them. (Fluids include liquids, gases, and plasmas.) Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest; fluid kinematics, the study of fluids in motion; and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion. It is a branch of continum mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms, that is, it models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint rather than from a microscopic viewpoint. Fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an active field of research with many unsolved or partly solved problems.

 ASPECTS OF THE FLUID MECHANICS

THE SIZE: For flow of fluid within pipes, the pipe diameter is a characteristic length.

SPEED: The speed of an object is the magnitude of its velocity (the rate of change of its position); it is a scalar quantity.

PRESSURE: Pressure (the symbol: p) is the force per unit area applied in a direction perpendicular to the surface of an object.

HISTORY OF FLUID MECHANICS

This discipline was born with the emergence of agriculture in the early civilizations, which involved the creation of irrigation systems and canals and the accumulation of the first body of knowledge on water and would enhance a boom in shipping.

• Archimides: Great Roman waterworks.
• Leonardo Da Vinci: Turn to rethink the study of streams.
• Toricelli and Pascal: Explosion primitive Fluid Mechanics.
• Newton: Laws of the dynamics of fluids which subsequently broaden Bernoulli, Euler, Lagrange, Cauchy and the rest of the great minds of classicla mechanics.
• Navier-Stokes: tensor calculus and the Navier-Stokes equations, let us establish the traditional hydraulic problems: pipes, channels, etc,
• Reynolds: He analyzed the turbulent flow and got the number that bears his name, laying most of the conventions in this field. Meanwhile, broke throughdimensional analysis, which would emphasize Rayleigh, froude and others.
• Doppler, Rayleigh and Mach: Analysis of the gases and sunds. 

STEEL BUILDINGS

STEEL BUILDINGS

GENERAL ASPECTS

Steel is utilized by engineers in several buildings; they are utilizing the strength of steel to create some of the most resistant avant-garde designed buildings of the twenty-first century. Steel is strong enough to create large constructions without the need of internal supports; yet, it is also malleable, making it possible to create almost any building out of steel and metal components.

HISTORY

In the Middle Ages iron elements were used in the aisles of the cathedrals. The metal was used more frequently in the industrial revolution replacing wooden structures. There are two famous works of metal in the nineteenth century: The first is the Crystal Palace and the second is eiffel tower.

ADVANTAGES IN STEEL

STRUCTURES

·       Smaller columns

·       Large clear spans

·       Seismic performance

·       Design—Flexible

·       Reduced construction financing costs

·       Simple modification and renovation

·       Reduced construction time

·       Complete recyclability

DISVANTAGES IN STEEL STRUCTURES

·       Fireproof treatment

·       Corrosion

FAMOUS STEEL STRUCTURES

·       EIFFEL TOWER

·       THE CRYSTAL PALACE